These pressures are all gauge pressure, not absolute pressure. 1 bar gauge pressure would be about 2 bar absolute.

this explains it a bit. The quick and dirty answer is that when you boil a mash, you are boiling a solution, not just 3 individual liquids (ignoring all the other stuff in there). It’s similar to how adding salt to water lowers the freezing point and raises the boiling point.

Water is polar, while ethanol only has mild polarity. Methanol is more polar than ethanol, so it holds onto the water more. If you had a mixture of methanol and ethanol with no water, you’d probably get more methanol first, but the water changes things.

There’s actually more methanol in the tails than the foreshots due to complicated chemistry.

They need to do better at wording the titles of articles like this. It should read something like “34 dead after drinking tainted/poisoned liquor”. Contrary to popular belief, brewing does not produce enough methanol to be toxic, and distilling does not concentrate it relative to the ethanol to a point where moonshine could be toxic. Media likes to portray like you have to be careful not to produce methanol, when really, you would have to intentionally make it. Here’s a good writeup about it.

Methanol toxicity only really occurs when people deliberately add methanol to alcohol, either as a deterrent to keep you from drinking it (e.g. hardware store “denatured alcohol”), or to counterfeit real drinking alcohol. I can guarantee you this is a case of someone dumping a bunch of cheap, industrial methanol into watered down real booze to increase profits.

In America, the government doesn’t technically have the right to know where you live. You don’t automatically get to vote without registering because the government doesn’t necessarily know where you live. You have to give your address to get a driver’s license, so often that government office also does voter registration.

Before our elections, we have primaries. That’s where each party picks who the candidates are from that party, but they are a state-run event. Technically a party doesn’t need to do this, they could just submit their candidate to the final election. Every state does it a little differently, but in many states, you need to declare which party you are a part of in order to take part in the decision for who that party is sending to the election. In some states, it’s optional, and when you go to vote in a primary, you tell them which party you want to select the candidate for, and they give you that ballot. Other states are weird and do what’s called “caucusing”, where everyone from a particular party within that voting district meets up, and they try to come to a decision on which candidate to send forward. In those states, it’s not a blind vote, but you essentially get a sort of instant runoff, at least in my understanding.

It looks like in Ireland, since you have multiple parties, you have more options at your elections, so you don’t have to help the parties pick their candidates?

I think it really goes back through history. Finland was a possession of Sweden and then Russia. The nobility would have spoken either of those languages depending on who was in charge, and ethnic Finns were essentially pawns for the larger powers, and the finnish language wasn’t even written down much.

This changed when Russia started to crack down on Finnish culture, leading to a surge in pro-Finnish sentiment. People even changed their names from Swedish versions to finnish versions, and went from using “Christian” names to names from finnish mythology or culture. Actually, it’s somewhat similar to how black Americans changed naming conventions in the Civil rights era. The very concept of finnish-ness was somewhat of a working class concept. This, combined with a similar law of jante type belief meant there was and is much more of a focus on the collective good than in other countries.

During the Russian revolution, a Civil War erupted between left wing and right wing, with the right wing wanting a German aristocratic monarchy over finland. The right wing actually won, but it was very short lived because Germany lost WW1 right aftwards, and a liberal democracy was formed. Finland was super poor, but started to build itself up as it’s own country.

When WW2 rolled around, most people are familiar with the Winter War where they held their ground against a Russian invasion. Most people aren’t as familiar with the Continuation War against Russia, where they (with the support of germany) continued to fight against Russia, or the Lapland war, where they actually had to fight against Germany to kick them out of the country. The Germans actually used scorched earth on finland as they retreated, knowing they were losing WW2.

After all of that, a huge swath of finland was destroyed by the Germans, or annexed by the Russians, leaving many homeless. Finland had to provide for those people, so homes were rebuilt rapidly throughout the country. Since they were in the soviet sphere of influence, but they weren’t a Warsaw pact country, they didn’t get any assistance from the eastern bloc (and they actually had to pay reparations as an axis country). They were also not included in the Marshall plan that helped provide recovery to western Europe.

They survived as a people by taking care of each other, and they are very proud of that. If you go to a Finnish museum, next to works of art and science, you’ll see things like the baby box, or other displays about the establishment of the welfare state. Many countries have a welfare system, but treat it like a dirty secret, while they celebrate what they were able to accomplish.

One last thing I think is really cool is that they are not afraid to experiment with policies. Many governments will do little trials of policy here and there, but not many go to the point of actually doing scientifically rigorous studies.

Yes. It cooks faster with the fan. Btw, it’s also referred to as a “convection” oven as opposed to a “conventional” oven. Air fryers are just small convection ovens.

And 7.62 is just .30 caliber rebranded

You can’t really get a concrete answer because there’s not a completely agreed upon definition of fascism. Some pieces are somewhat general; right-wing populism, authoritarian dictatorship, nationalism and “rebirth”, and the valorization of violence. Other parts can be considered by some, but not everyone, to be a part of fascism. There’s a reason there’s a whole wikipedia page on the definition of fascism..

Russia definitely meets some criteria of some definitions, but they don’t necessarily meet all definitions of fascism. For example, some definitions of fascism include a complete rejection of communism and opposition to communists because that was the case for the fascists in the first half of the 20th century. Russia, however, still valorizes the strength and actions of soviet Russia, particularly in WWII. Putin’s claim for the invasion of Ukraine was that it was to “denazify” it.

TL;DR, some people say if it doesn’t meet all the right criteria, it’s just sparkling white authoritarianism, others are fine calling it all champagne

There’s basically a tree of operations that have been applied to a model. At any point, you can go back and edit what you’ve done at a previous step. For example, if you padded a feature out 10 mm, then added more stuff onto that feature, you could still go back and change that padding operation to 15 mm.

I’m still super new to freecad, and I haven’t done anything too complex in it yet, but my understanding is that some types of those changes can result in the topological naming problem. The way I understand it, when you make a shape, the software numbers all of the segments, vertices, and faces. If later changes are applied to those numbered faces, etc, and you go back and redo the operation that made those faces, etc, in a different order, the numbering will be different, and it will break your model.

There is a fork of freecad that fixes that whole issue, but the fix hasn’t been implemented yet in the main fork cause it’s pretty foundational to the working of freecad, so there’s a lot of things that can break

My understanding is that the predicted low is for the upcoming night, not the lowest temperature in that 24 hour block

If they are anything like me, they are used to reddit search being hot garbage, so they prefer to use a search engine. I have no clue if lemmy search is any good

Really depends on the country, though. Many countries don’t have “DO” as a profession cause they only need one type of evidence based medical degree, so anyone who does osteopathy is basically equivalent to a chiropractor or other type of witch doctor.

I can definitely respect the perception that they interact with you more, and I’m glad you have a doctor that works well for you.

The AOA only recently (2010) decided to recommend that DO’s no longer be called osteopaths. As they still practice and teach osteopathic manipulation, it’s not inaccurate to still refer to them as osteopaths. When they abandon that pseudoscience and turn completely to evidence based medicine, I’ll refer to them as DO’s. Right now, all DO’s are osteopaths, but not all osteopaths are DO’s.

Chiropractic was invented by a guy who learned it from a ghost.

Important caveat of “in the US”. In most countries, osteopaths are basically the same as chiropractors. In the US, DO licensing is the same as MD licensing, so they do have to learn real science and medicine in addition to the fake science and medicine of osteopathy. Personally, I wouldn’t aim for a DO as my Dr., but if I already had one that I liked, I wouldn’t worry about it too much. Osteopathic schools are easier to get into than medical schools, cause we have more people that want to get their MD than we have schools to teach them, so plenty of those people become DO’s.

Is my reading comprehension bad today, or is that article written weirdly? If I’m reading it right, this statue was dug up in Rome, in 1781, and purchased by Hitler (with shenanigans) and moved to Munich, where it was placed on a base made in the 1600’s. After WW2, the Italians took the statue back, but not base. Now the Italians are asking the Germans for the base, while the Germans are asking for the statue, claiming that hitlers purchase was legitimate.

I’m assuming the base was actually made in the 1700’s, after this statue copy was unearthed, which makes the article less weird. Either way, though, I can’t imaging the base is anything intricate, and as an “aftermarket” addition, I don’t know why the Italians would care much about it.

I think what happened is that back in the day, recipes were super sparse and crappy. Think of the typical “grandma’s recipe” written on an index card with half of the ingredients not listed as having any specific amount, and the only directions would be “mix” and “put in a hot oven”. Then you had websites that basically did the same thing. Allrecipes is a good example of this; not too much fluff, but there are so many crappy recipes on there. Unless you know who made the recipe (like chef john), it’s hard to trust a lot of them.

Then you had websites like serious eats where they wouldn’t just give you the recipe, they tell you how and why they made choices about ingredients, process, etc. That stuff is all super helpful if it’s what you are looking for, so Google et al. would give them and sites like them search priority. They also need to make money, so the added space for advertisement is a plus for them.

Now, anyone can spend a little bit of money to start a website, throw down a lot of useless preamble, and get the same search engine priority as serious eats. Most of those are garbage.

No one is going to do the work to put out great recipes for free, though, so there’s gotta be some compromise. If you are willing to spend money, there’s a lot of great cookbooks, and the ebook versions of them are easily searchable. New York times cooking, Bon Appétit, and America’s test kitchen/cooks illustrated have extensive catalogs of fairly barebones recipes if you are willing to spend money on a subscription.

There’s also apps and browser extensions that chop the unnecessary stuff off of a recipe, but just keep in mind that a lot of those sites that pop up when you just Google a recipe suck.

I think some of the best recipes you can get with no pay wall or unnecessary text are from the websites of companies that actually sell ingredients or equipment because they are basically just advertising for themselves. For example, king arthur baking company has good bread recipes cause they want you to buy their flour. Similarly, anson mills has a lot of good stuff. Those companies have dedicated test kitchens of professionals.

What I wish I had was a way to create a whitelist of sites/authors that I could search for recipes

Yeah, you get used to it quickly

Just get the toilet seat bidet. It’s probably like 40£