My answers to the study guide:

1. Labour is when you do work in general. Labour-power is a commodity that you sell to a capitalist in exchange for wages.
2. If I labour to make a pizza at home then sell that pizza to a buyer, that would be an example of me ‘selling my labour’. If I were to go to the capitalist pizza shop owner and agree to make pizza for them, for a certain amount of time, for a fixed wage. This would be an example of me ‘selling my labour power’ as a commodity to the capitalist.
3. Maybe I’m wrong here but I don’t believe he makes the argument that supply and demand play no factor in prices. He is simply adding the cost of production into the equation.
4. Sellers compete on the market to offer the lowest price, buyers will go with the lowest price, thus a race to the bottom. I can’t see an example where Marx uses products in short supply while also decreasing in price at the same time, maybe I missed something. I see him making the opposite argument, that when supply is low, the sellers will work together to drive the price up.
5. The cost of production is directly related to the price of a commodity, thus giving the capitalist incentive to cut labour costs. Giving the capitalist the biggest portion of the profits.
6. Wages boil down to the bare necessities for keeping the species alive, able to work, produce future working offspring, and getting enough nutrients to get through a working day. Notice how he emphasizes the word species, there are plenty of individual workers who don’t get enough to fill these basic needs. Rather the goal is to keep the species alive just enough to keep the money machine working.
7. According to this logic with free public education wages would decrease, simply because the cost of giving workers the bare necessities would go down significantly. I argue despite this potential problem there should be free or a reduced cost of education, and that this logic too simplistic.
8. Although you might be able to make a ghoulish argument that increased immigration will lead to lower wages, I sure will not. I think that framing is missing a lot of context while leading to dangerous and xenophobic conclusions. I don’t think it’s as simple as more immigrants = bad wages. Frankly I find that rhetoric disgusting and reeking of fascistic principles. Marx didn’t say a word about immigration during the reading. Pisses me off that the study guide would even include that, as if it’s appropriate to ‘debate’ human beings living their lives outside of the arbitrary border they were born into. Call me a moralist if you want, I don’t care, I refuse to engage in any further discussion or ‘debate’ on this subject. If you think we shouldn’t allow immigration because of a potential drop in wages, I’d be happy to smash the keyboard over your head and force feed you the pieces.
9. He’s making the argument, in an antiquated gross way, about how by themselves (people or objects) they are only that person or object. It’s the way that person or object interacts in the system is when they become an integral part of said system. For example a car sitting in the garage is just a car, if I use that car to deliver pizzas for a capitalist it becomes an instrument in the capitalist system.
10. He’s stating that capitalism is a social relation of production, just like other systems are about how a given society chooses to produce.
11. I’m going to use my example of a car again. A car sitting in the garage is just a car, if I use that car to deliver pizzas for a capitalist it becomes an instrument in the capitalist system.
12. The dead dominate the living in the sense of ‘old money’. Great great grandfather accumulated capital in the slave trade, great grandfather expanded that capital by getting rich on the war machine, grandpa expanded that capital with a pizza chain, dad expanded that capital on real estate, the son inherits all of that capital, and so on. This is what I mean by ‘old money’, it’s been proven that most wealth/capital is inherited. This is how the dead come into play, because it was accumulation of the sweat/blood/tears of dead workers that allowed the rich family to have such vast capital today.

1. Labor is work put into something, whereas labor power is how much and what kind of work somebody can do. For example, employées at the Mauser factory at Oberndorf put labor into a weapon by testing its sight alignment, and a Kar 98k in the July of 1944 required, it seems, sixteen hours of (unskilled but machine‐assisted) labor power.
2. If you’ll allow me, I would prefer to use another example from history: Silesian peasants in the Weimar Republic labored by milking cows and vending the milk—the labor—directly to customers for twenty‐two pfennigs a liter, but then had to vend his labor power to a Fascist monopoly organization for fourteen pfennigs or fewer.
3. He said that the fluctuations are what force the price to conform to the production’s cost. When the Allies bombed the Kingdom of Romania’s oil fields, oil’s production cost increased and thus so did the price.
4. A decrease in demand is likely to make the scarce commodity decrease in price. Modern art in the Third Reich decreased in price during the 1930s because the demand decreased, and I’m assuming that individual works had far fewer copies back then.
5. The cost of production falling causes wages to fall, because now it is easier to produce a commodity. A trained marksman (expensive) was required to test sight alignments, but the joint Mauser/Zeiss shooting machine allowed unskilled workers (cheap) to do that instead.
6. The ease in training a worker reduces her wage. It was easy to train somebody to use the Mauser/Zeiss shooting machine, so she must have had a low wage. This must have decreased demand for the trained marksman, lowering his wage, too.
7. Introducing free public education would make training workers (slightly) easier and therefore reduce wages. Giovanni Gentile strived to inculcate Italian youth with fascism and to select and promote only the élite so as not to overload the market for intellectual labor.
8. The introduction of Jewish neoslaves into Axis‐occupied Poland, who had to live in very cheap, substandard conditions, most likely reduced the demand for the labor power of unenslaved Polish gentiles, whose standard of living was less awful and thus more costly. The disposal of humans must have been inexpensive because the inventions of carbon monoxide and other poisons were cheaper and more efficient for deployment than the firearms, which presumably reduced the Wehrmacht’s wages somewhat. Erstwhile, eliminating the socialist unions was necessary for Fascism’s mastery over the lower classes; as Daniel Guerin said, ‘To paralyze working class resistance will henceforth be the role of the fascist “unions,” which have become organs for “political discipline.”’
9. Slavery and capital are merely social constructs. Capital needs instruments and other resources in order to exist, otherwise it is meaningless. Fascist capital in particular needed oil, ball bearings, wolframite, tungsten, iron ore, and elsewhat to wage war, but they did not need capital to exist, nor did they constitute capital (when left alone).
10. Saying that capital is a social relation acknowledges the human interaction that it requires for its production. Gustav Krupp’s laborers had to agree to toil for his business with the capital that other laborers elsewhere agreed to produce. Capital needs social interaction to be meaningful.
11. Useful, valuable things are not capital when there is no labor power to convert them into capital. The Polish forests were—I am presuming—mostly unmade through labor power, so they were not capital, and since the Fascists wanted to keep them as hunting grounds, they went unused as capital.
12. The prefascist generations made the materials that were crucial to the Fascist empires—factories, tools, machines, farms—which they used to preserve and multiply their exchange value.

I have a feeling that my answers are either inaccurate or lackluster, but I hope that this is at least better than nothing.

I did the reading, but haven’t had time to type up a reply yet unfortunately. Hoping to have some time soon!